Markets enter May with the federal funds target range at 3.50% to 3.75%, the Fed having concluded its 28-29 April meeting, and the next decision not due until 16-17 June. Brent crude is trading near US$108 per barrel, with the IEA describing the ongoing Iran conflict as the largest energy supply shock on record as the Strait of Hormuz remains effectively closed.
The macro tension this month is straightforward but uncomfortable: an oil-driven inflation impulse landing into a labour market that surprised to the upside in March, while Q1 growth came in soft.
The Federal Reserve has revised its 2026 PCE inflation projection to 2.7% and continues to signal one cut this year, though the timing remains contested. With no FOMC scheduled in May, every high-impact release may carry more weight than usual into the June meeting.
Fed Funds Rate
3.50% to 3.75%
Next FOMC
16-17 June 2026
Key data events
6+ high-impact releases
Growth: business activity and demand
The growth picture entering May is mixed. The Q1 GDP advance estimate landed on 30 April, while softer retail sales and inventory data have made the demand picture harder to read.
ISM manufacturing has been a quieter source of optimism, with recent prints holding in expansionary territory. Energy costs and tariff effects are now the variables most likely to shape the next move in business activity.
Key dates (AEST)
ISM Manufacturing PMI (April)
Institute for Supply Management · 12:00 am AEST
High
ISM Services PMI (April)
Institute for Supply Management · 12:00 am AEST
Medium
Retail Sales (April)
US Census Bureau · 10:30 pm AEST
High
What markets look for
- Whether manufacturing PMI holds above 50, with the prices paid sub-index giving a read on input cost pressure
- Services PMI as a check on the larger share of the US economy, particularly employment and prices
- Retail sales control group, which feeds into consumption forecasts
- Any sign that sustained Brent crude above US$100 is starting to affect household spending
How this data may move markets
| Scenario |
Treasuries |
USD |
Equities |
| Activity data prints firmer |
↑ Yields rise |
↑ Firmer |
Mixed - depends on valuation stretch |
| Activity data softens |
↓ Yields fall |
↓ Softer |
Support if inflation cooperates |
Labour: payrolls and employment data
The April Employment Situation is one of the most concentrated risk events of the month. March payrolls came in stronger than expected, while earlier data revisions left the trend less clear. April will help show whether the labour market is genuinely re-accelerating or simply absorbing seasonal noise.
Key dates (AEST)
Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS)
Bureau of Labor Statistics · 12:00 am AEST
Medium
ADP National Employment Report (April)
ADP Research Institute · 10:15 pm AEST
Medium
Employment Situation, April (NFP)
Bureau of Labor Statistics · 10:30 pm AEST
High
What markets may watch
- Headline non-farm payrolls (NFP) and the size of any prior-month revisions
- Average hourly earnings, with energy-driven cost pressure keeping wage growth in focus
- Unemployment rate and labour force participation
- Sector mix, including whether goods-producing payrolls show signs of disruption
Market sensitivities
| Scenario |
Treasuries |
USD |
Equities |
| Firm NFP/wage growth |
↑ Yields rise |
↑ Strength |
Pressure on valuations |
| Soft NFP/weak print |
↓ Yields fall |
↓ Softer |
Mixed - risk of growth scare |
Inflation: CPI, PPI and PCE
April inflation lands as the most market-relevant data block of the month. The March consumer price index (CPI) rose 3.3% over the prior 12 months, with energy up 10.9% on the month and gasoline up 21.2%, accounting for almost three quarters of the headline increase. With Brent holding near US$105 to US$108 through the latter half of April, a further passthrough into the April CPI energy component looks plausible.
Core CPI and core personal consumption expenditures (PCE) remain the better read on underlying trend.
Key dates (AEST)
CPI (April)
Bureau of Labor Statistics · 10:30 pm AEST
High
Producer Price Index (PPI), April
Bureau of Labor Statistics · 10:30 pm AEST
Medium
Personal Income and Outlays/PCE (April)
Bureau of Economic Analysis · 10:30 pm AEST
High
What markets may watch
- Headline CPI year on year, especially the gasoline component
- Core CPI, including shelter, services excluding shelter and core goods
- PPI as a read on producer-level passthrough from energy and tariffs
- Core PCE, which remains the Fed’s preferred inflation gauge
Market sensitivities
| Scenario |
Treasuries |
USD |
Commodities |
| Inflation cools/surprises lower |
↓ Yields fall |
↓ Softer |
Gold consolidation |
| Headline runs hot/core sticky |
↑ Yields rise |
↑ Strength |
Gold supported on stagflation risk |
Policy, trade and earnings
May has no FOMC meeting, so policy attention shifts to Fed speakers, the path of any leadership transition, and the dominant geopolitical backdrop. Chair Jerome Powell's term concludes around the middle of the month. President Donald Trump has nominated Kevin Warsh as the next Fed chair, with the Senate Banking Committee having held a confirmation hearing.
The Iran conflict, now in its ninth week, remains the single largest source of macro tail risk, with the Strait of Hormuz blockade and stalled US-Iran talks setting the tone for energy markets and broader risk appetite. Q1 earnings season is in its peak weeks, with peak weeks expected between 27 April and 15 May, and 7 May the most active reporting day.
What to monitor this month
- Iran-US negotiations and the operational status of the Strait of Hormuz
- Fed speakers and any change in tone between meetings
- Q1 earnings, especially from retail, energy and cyclical names
- Weekly EIA crude inventories
- Any tariff-related announcements that may affect inflation expectations
Bottom line
May is not a quiet month just because there is no FOMC meeting. Payrolls, CPI, PPI, retail sales and PCE all land before the June policy decision, while oil remains the dominant external shock.
For markets, the key question is whether the data points to a temporary energy-driven inflation lift, or a broader inflation problem arriving at the same time as softer growth. That distinction may shape the next major move in bonds, the US dollar, gold and equity indices.